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El impacto de DART cambió el movimiento de un asteroide en el espacio
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Preguntas frecuentes: La verdadera historia del cuidado de la salud de los astronautas en el espacioBy NASA
NASA Read this story in English here.
La Estación Espacial Internacional es el hogar de la humanidad en el espacio y una estación de investigación que gira en órbita sobre la Tierra a unos 400 kilómetros (250 millas) de altura. La NASA y sus socios internacionales han mantenido una presencia humana continua a bordo de la estación espacial durante más de 24 años, haciendo investigaciones que no es posible realizar en la Tierra.
La gente que vive y trabaja a bordo de este laboratorio en microgravedad también forma parte de las investigaciones que se llevan a cabo, y ellos ayudan a abordar complejos problemas de la salud humana en la Tierra y preparan a la humanidad para viajar más lejos que nunca, incluyendo la Luna y Marte.
Estas son algunas de las preguntas frecuentes sobre cómo la NASA y su equipo de médicos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, científicos del ejercicio y otros profesionales especializados garantizan la salud y la condición física de los astronautas a bordo del laboratorio orbital.
¿Cuánto dura una estadía típica a bordo de la Estación Espacial Internacional?
Una misión típica a la Estación Espacial Internacional dura unos seis meses, pero puede variar en función del calendario de visitas de naves espaciales, las prioridades de la misión y otros factores. Los astronautas de la NASA también han permanecido a bordo de la estación espacial durante períodos de tiempo más largos. Estas se conocen como misiones de larga duración, y misiones anteriores de este tipo han proporcionado a la NASA cuantiosos datos sobre los vuelos espaciales a largo plazo y sus efectos en el cuerpo humano, los cuales la agencia aplica a cualquier misión tripulada.
Durante las misiones de larga duración, el equipo de profesionales médicos de la NASA se centra en optimizar la salud física y conductual de los astronautas y su desempeño, para ayudar a garantizar el éxito de la misión. Estos esfuerzos también ayudan a la NASA a prepararse para futuras misiones humanas a la Luna, Marte y más allá.
¿Cómo mantiene la NASA saludables a los astronautas mientras están en el espacio?
La NASA tiene un equipo de médicos, psicólogos y otros especialistas en tierra que se dedican a dar apoyo a la salud y el bienestar de los astronautas antes, durante y después de cada misión espacial. La NASA asigna a cada tripulación médicos con formación especializada en medicina espacial, denominados médicos de la tripulación de vuelo, una vez que la tripulación ha sido seleccionada para una misión. Los médicos de la tripulación de vuelo supervisan la atención de salud y la capacitación médica mientras los miembros de la tripulación se preparan para su misión, y monitorean la salud de la tripulación antes, durante y después de su misión a la estación espacial.
¿Cómo apoya la NASA el bienestar mental y emocional de sus astronautas mientras están en el espacio?
El equipo de salud conductual de la NASA proporciona servicios de apoyo psicológico determinados de manera individual para los miembros de la tripulación y sus familias durante cada misión. Garantizar que los astronautas puedan mantener su vitalidad en entornos extremos comienza tan pronto se inicia el proceso de selección de astronautas, en el que los candidatos son evaluados en capacidades como su adaptabilidad y resiliencia. Los astronautas reciben una formación exhaustiva que les ayuda a utilizar herramientas y tratamientos de autoevaluación para gestionar su salud conductual. La NASA también ofrece capacitación en destrezas expedicionarias a fin de preparar a cada astronauta para las misiones en capacidades importantes, como los cuidados personales y el cuidado del equipo, las comunicaciones y las destrezas de liderazgo y colaboración.
Para ayudar a mantener la motivación y la moral a bordo de la estación espacial, los astronautas pueden enviar correos electrónicos, hacer llamadas y videoconferencias con sus familiares y amigos, recibir paquetes personales enviados a bordo de las misiones de reabastecimiento de carga de la NASA y sostener teleconferencias con un psicólogo, si es necesario.
¿Cómo afecta la microgravedad a la salud física de los astronautas?
En microgravedad, sin la carga continua de la gravedad de la Tierra, se producen muchos cambios en el cuerpo humano. La NASA entiende muchas de las respuestas del sistema humano al entorno espacial, entre las que se cuentan las adaptaciones a la densidad ósea, la salud muscular, sensitivomotora y cardiovascular, pero todavía queda mucho por aprender. Estos efectos de los vuelos espaciales varían de uno a otro astronauta, por lo que los médicos de la tripulación de vuelo de la NASA monitorean regularmente la salud de cada miembro de la tripulación durante una misión e individualizan las rutinas de dieta y acondicionamiento físico para dar prioridad a la salud y el estado físico durante su permanencia en el espacio.
¿Por qué los astronautas hacen ejercicio en el espacio?
Todos los astronautas a bordo del laboratorio en órbita participan en planes de ejercicio específicamente diseñados y similares a los de la Tierra. Para mantener su fuerza y resistencia, los miembros de la tripulación tienen programadas dos horas y media de ejercicio diario para sustentar su salud muscular, ósea, aeróbica y sensitivomotora. El equipo actual a bordo de la estación espacial incluye el Dispositivo Avanzado de Ejercicio Resistivo (ARED, por sus siglas en inglés), que imita el levantamiento de pesas; una cinta de correr, llamada T2; y el Cicloergómetro con Sistema de Aislamiento y Estabilización de Vibraciones (CEVIS, por sus siglas en inglés) para el ejercicio cardiovascular.
¿Qué función cumplen la alimentación y la nutrición en el apoyo a la salud de los astronautas?
La nutrición desempeña un papel fundamental en el mantenimiento de la salud y el rendimiento óptimo de un astronauta antes, durante y después de su misión. La alimentación también cumple un rol psicosocial durante la prolongada estancia de un astronauta a bordo de la estación espacial. Los expertos que trabajan en el Laboratorio de Sistemas de Alimentación Espacial de la NASA en el Centro Johnson en Houston desarrollan alimentos nutritivos y apetitosos. Los miembros de la tripulación tienen pueden complementar las opciones del menú estándar con sus platos favoritos personales, que pueden brindar un sabor hogareño.
NASA ¿Cómo sabe la NASA si los astronautas están recibiendo los nutrientes adecuados?
Los nutricionistas y científicos de bioquímica nutricional de la NASA determinan los nutrientes (vitaminas, minerales, calorías) que los astronautas necesitan mientras están en el espacio. Este equipo lleva el registro de lo que come cada miembro de la tripulación mediante un programa de seguimiento basado en computadoras de tableta, que cada astronauta completa a diario. Los datos de la aplicación se envían semanalmente a los nutricionistas para controlar la ingesta dietética. El análisis de las muestras de sangre y orina de los astronautas que son tomadas antes, durante y después de las misiones espaciales es una parte crucial del estudio de cómo responden sus cuerpos a las condiciones únicas de los vuelos espaciales. Estas muestras proporcionan información valiosa sobre cómo cada astronauta se adapta a la microgravedad, la radiación y otros factores que afectan la fisiología humana en el espacio.
¿Cómo se entrenan los astronautas para trabajar juntos mientras están en el espacio?
Además de su capacitación técnica, los astronautas participan en la formación de destrezas de trabajo en equipo. Aprenden destrezas eficaces para la vida en grupo y cómo cuidarse y apoyarse unos a otros. Debido a su naturaleza remota y aislada, los vuelos espaciales de larga duración pueden dificultar el trabajo en equipo. Los astronautas deben mantener la conciencia situacional e implementar el programa de vuelo en un entorno en constante cambio. Por lo tanto, la comunicación efectiva es fundamental cuando se trabaja en equipo a bordo de la estación y con diferentes equipos de soporte en tierra. Los astronautas también deben ser capaces de comunicar información compleja a personas con diferente formación profesional. En última instancia, los astronautas son personas que viven y trabajan juntas a bordo de la estación y deben ser capaces de llevar a cabo un trabajo altamente técnico y resolver cualquier problema interpersonal que pueda surgir.
¿Qué sucede si hay una emergencia médica a bordo de la estación espacial?
Todos los astronautas reciben capacitación médica y tienen contacto regular con un equipo de médicos que vigilan de cerca su salud desde tierra. La NASA también mantiene una farmacia bien surtida y un conjunto de equipamientos médicos a bordo de la estación espacial para atender diversas afecciones y lesiones. Si una emergencia médica requiere volver a la Tierra, la tripulación regresará en la nave espacial que fue llevada a bordo para recibir atención médica urgente en tierra.
NASA/Bill Ingalls Puedes obtener más información sobre la Dirección de Salud y Desempeño Humano de la NASA (en inglés) en:
www.nasa.gov/hhp
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By European Space Agency
In 2022 NASA’s DART spacecraft made history, and changed the Solar System forever, by impacting the Dimorphos asteroid and measurably shifting its orbit around the larger Didymos asteroid. In the process a plume of debris was thrown out into space.
The latest modelling, available on the preprint server arXiv and accepted for publication in the September volume of The Planetary Science Journal, shows how small meteoroids from that debris could eventually reach both Mars and Earth – potentially in an observable (although quite safe) manner.
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By NASA
2 min read
NASA’s DART Team Earns AIAA Space Systems Award for Pioneering Mission
NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission continues to yield scientific discoveries and garner accolades for its groundbreaking achievements. The mission team was recently recognized by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)with the 2024 Space Systems Award during this year’s AIAA ASCEND event, held July 29 to Aug. 2 in Las Vegas.
APL’s Geffrey Ottman (left), electrical systems engineer on NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) and APL’s Betsy Congdon (center), who served as the mechanical systems engineer on the mission, accepted the 2024 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Space Systems Award on behalf of the team during this year’s AIAA ASCEND event, which was held from July 29 to Aug. 2 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Credit: AIAA The award, presented by the AIAA Space Systems Technical Committee, celebrates outstanding achievements in the architecture, analysis, design and implementation of space systems. The DART team was lauded for “outstanding achievement in the development and operation of the DART spacecraft, completing humanity’s first in-space demonstration of planetary defense technology.”
Designed, built and operated for NASA by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, the DART spacecraft was launched in 2021 and, roughly 10 months later, successfully impacted the asteroid Dimorphos in the fall of 2022. The deliberate collision altered the asteroid’s orbit around its larger companion asteroid, Didymos, by 33 minutes. That historic achievement showcased the potential to divert hazardous asteroids, offering a critical tool for safeguarding Earth from real possible impacts in the future.
The Space Systems Award has regularly recognized extraordinary achievements in space system design and implementation. The DART mission joins a distinguished list of past recipients who have significantly advanced the field of aerospace science and technology.
APL managed the DART mission for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as a project of the agency’s Planetary Missions Program Office. NASA provided support for the mission from several centers, including the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; Johnson Space Center in Houston; Glenn Research Center in Cleveland; and Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.
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Last Updated Aug 21, 2024 Editor Bill Keeter Related Terms
DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) Planetary Defense Coordination Office View the full article
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By NASA
5 min read
NASA’s DART Mission Sheds New Light on Target Binary Asteroid System
The various geological features observed on Didymos helped researchers tell the story of Didymos’ origins. The asteroid’s triangular ridge (first panel from left), and the so-called smooth region, and its likely older, rougher “highland” region (second panel from left) can be explained through a combination of slope processes controlled by elevation (third panel from left). The fourth panel shows the effects of spin-up disruption that Didymos likely underwent to form Dimorphos. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Olivier Barnouin In studying data collected from NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission, which in 2022 sent a spacecraft to intentionally collide with the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos, the mission’s science team has discovered new information on the origins of the target binary asteroid system and why the DART spacecraft was so effective in shifting Dimorphos’ orbit.
In five recently published papers in Nature Communications, the team explored the geology of the binary asteroid system, comprising moonlet Dimorphos and parent asteroid Didymos, to characterize its origin and evolution and constrain its physical characteristics.
“These findings give us new insights into the ways that asteroids can change over time,” said Thomas Statler, lead scientist for Solar System Small Bodies at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “This is important not just for understanding the near-Earth objects that are the focus of planetary defense, but also for our ability to read the history of our Solar System from these remnants of planet formation. This is just part of the wealth of new knowledge we’ve gained from DART.”
Olivier Barnouin and Ronald-Louis Ballouz of Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, led a paper that analyzed the geology of both asteroids and drew conclusions about their surface materials and interior properties. From images captured by DART and its accompanying LICIACube cubesat – contributed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the team observed the smaller asteroid Dimorphos’ topography, which featured boulders of varying sizes. In comparison, the larger asteroid Didymos was smoother at lower elevations, though rocky at higher elevations, with more craters than Dimorphos. The authors inferred that Dimorphos likely spun off from Didymos in a large mass shedding event.
There are natural processes that can accelerate the spins of small asteroids, and there is growing evidence that these processes may be responsible for re-shaping these bodies or even forcing material to be spun off their surfaces.
Analysis suggested that both Didymos and Dimorphos have weak surface characteristics, which led the team to posit that Didymos has a surface age 40–130 times older than Dimorphos, with the former estimated to be 12.5 million years and the latter less than 300,000 years old. The low surface strength of Dimorphos likely contributed to DART’s significant impact on its orbit.
“The images and data that DART collected at the Didymos system provided a unique opportunity for a close-up geological look of a near-Earth asteroid binary system,” said Barnouin. “From these images alone, we were able to infer a great deal of information on geophysical properties of both Didymos and Dimorphos and expand our understanding on the formation of these two asteroids. We also better understand why DART was so effective in moving Dimorphos.”
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Based on the internal and surface properties described in Barnouin et al. (2024), this video demonstrates how the spin-up of asteroid Didymos could have led to the growth of its equatorial ridge and the formation of the smaller asteroid Dimorphos, seen orbiting the former near the end of the clip. Particles are colored according to their speeds, with the scale shown at the top, along with the continually changing spin period of Didymos. Credit: University of Michigan/Yun Zhang and Johns Hopkins APL/Olivier Barnouin Maurizio Pajola, of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) in Rome, and co-authors led a paper comparing the shapes and sizes of the various boulders and their distribution patterns on the two asteroids’ surfaces. They determined the physical characteristics of Dimorphos indicate it formed in stages, likely of material inherited from its parent asteroid Didymos. That conclusion reinforces the prevailing theory that some binary asteroid systems arise from shed remnants of a larger primary asteroid accumulating into a new asteroid moonlet.
Alice Lucchetti, also of INAF, and colleagues found that thermal fatigue — the gradual weakening and cracking of a material caused by heat — could rapidly break up boulders on the surface of Dimorphos, generating surface lines and altering the physical characteristics of this type of asteroid more quickly than previously thought. The DART mission was likely the first observation of such a phenomenon on this type of asteroid.
Supervised by researcher Naomi Murdoch of ISAE-SUPAERO in Toulouse, France, and colleagues, a paper led by students Jeanne Bigot and Pauline Lombardo determined Didymos’ bearing capacity — the surface’s ability to support applied loads — to be at least 1,000 times lower than that of dry sand on Earth or lunar soil. This is considered an important parameter for understanding and predicting the response of a surface, including for the purposes of displacing an asteroid.
Colas Robin, also of ISAE-SUPAERO, and co-authors analyzed the surface boulders on Dimorphos, comparing them with those on other rubble pile asteroids, including Itokawa, Ryugu and Bennu. The researchers found the boulders shared similar characteristics, suggesting all these types of asteroids formed and evolved in a similar fashion. The team also noted that the elongated nature of the boulders around the DART impact site implies that they were likely formed through impact processing.
These latest findings form a more robust overview of the origins of the Didymos system and add to the understanding of how such planetary bodies were formed. As ESA’s (European Space Agency) Hera mission prepares to revisit DART’s collision site in 2026 to further analyze the aftermath of the first-ever planetary defense test, this research provides a series of tests for what Hera will find and contributes to current and future exploration missions while bolstering planetary defense capabilities.
Johns Hopkins APL managed the DART mission for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as a project of the agency’s Planetary Missions Program Office. NASA provided support for the mission from several centers, including the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, Johnson Space Center in Houston, Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, and Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.
For more information about the DART mission:
https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-defense-dart
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Karen Fox / Alana Johnson
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov
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Last Updated Jul 30, 2024 Related Terms
Asteroids DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) Missions Planetary Science Planetary Science Division Science Mission Directorate The Solar System Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASA
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By NASA
The asteroid Dimorphos was captured by NASA’s DART mission just two seconds before the spacecraft struck its surface on Sept. 26, 2022. Observations of the asteroid before and after impact suggest it is a loosely packed “rubble pile” object.NASA/Johns Hopkins APL After NASA’s historic Double Asteroid Redirection Test, a JPL-led study has shown that the shape of asteroid Dimorphos has changed and its orbit has shrunk.
When NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) deliberately smashed into a 560-foot-wide (170-meter-wide) asteroid on Sept. 26, 2022, it made its mark in more ways than one. The demonstration showed that a kinetic impactor could deflect a hazardous asteroid should one ever be on a collision course with Earth. Now a new study published in the Planetary Science Journal shows the impact changed not only the motion of the asteroid, but also its shape.
DART’s target, the asteroid Dimorphos, orbits a larger near-Earth asteroid called Didymos. Before the impact, Dimorphos had a roughly symmetrical “oblate spheroid” shape – like a squashed ball that is wider than it is tall. With a well-defined, circular orbit at a distance of about 3,900 feet (1,189 meters) from Didymos, Dimorphos took 11 hours and 55 minutes to complete one loop around Didymos.
“When DART made impact, things got very interesting,” said Shantanu Naidu, a navigation engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, who led the study. “Dimorphos’ orbit is no longer circular: Its orbital period” – the time it takes to complete a single orbit – “is now 33 minutes and 15 seconds shorter. And the entire shape of the asteroid has changed, from a relatively symmetrical object to a ‘triaxial ellipsoid’ – something more like an oblong watermelon.”
This illustration shows the approximate shape change that the asteroid Dimorphos experienced after DART hit it. Before impact, left, the asteroid was shaped like a squashed ball; after impact it took on a more elongated shape, like a watermelon.NASA/JPL-Caltech Dimorphos Damage Report
Naidu’s team used three data sources in their computer models to deduce what had happened to the asteroid after impact. The first source was aboard DART: The spacecraft captured images as it approached the asteroid and sent them back to Earth via NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN). These images provided close-up measurements of the gap between Didymos and Dimorphos while also gauging the dimensions of both asteroids just prior to impact.
The second data source was the DSN’s Goldstone Solar System Radar, located near Barstow, California, which bounced radio waves off both asteroids to precisely measure the position and velocity of Dimorphos relative to Didymos after impact. Radar observations quickly helped NASA conclude that DART’s effect on the asteroid greatly exceeded the minimum expectations.
The third and most significant source of data: ground telescopes around the world that measured both asteroids’ “light curve,” or how the sunlight reflecting off the asteroids’ surfaces changed over time. By comparing the light curves before and after impact, the researchers could learn how DART altered Dimorphos’ motion.
As Dimorphos orbits, it periodically passes in front of and then behind Didymos. In these so-called “mutual events,” one asteroid can cast a shadow on the other, or block our view from Earth. In either case, a temporary dimming – a dip in the light curve – will be recorded by telescopes.
See the DART impact with NASA’s Eyes on the Solar System “We used the timing of this precise series of light-curve dips to deduce the shape of the orbit, and because our models were so sensitive, we could also figure out the shape of the asteroid,” said Steve Chesley, a senior research scientist at JPL and study co-author. The team found Dimorphos’ orbit is now slightly elongated, or eccentric. “Before impact,” Chesley continued, “the times of the events occurred regularly, showing a circular orbit. After impact, there were very slight timing differences, showing something was askew. We never expected to get this kind of accuracy.”
The models are so precise, they even show that Dimorphos rocks back and forth as it orbits Didymos, Naidu said.
Orbital Evolution
The team’s models also calculated how Dimorphos’ orbital period evolved. Immediately after impact, DART reduced the average distance between the two asteroids, shortening Dimorphos’ orbital period by 32 minutes and 42 seconds, to 11 hours, 22 minutes, and 37 seconds.
Over the following weeks, the asteroid’s orbital period continued to shorten as Dimorphos lost more rocky material to space, finally settling at 11 hours, 22 minutes, and 3 seconds per orbit – 33 minutes and 15 seconds less time than before impact. This calculation is accurate to within 1 ½ seconds, Naidu said. Dimorphos now has a mean orbital distance from Didymos of about 3,780 feet (1,152 meters) – about 120 feet (37 meters) closer than before impact.
“The results of this study agree with others that are being published,” said Tom Statler, lead scientist for solar system small bodies at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Seeing separate groups analyze the data and independently come to the same conclusions is a hallmark of a solid scientific result. DART is not only showing us the pathway to an asteroid-deflection technology, it’s revealing new fundamental understanding of what asteroids are and how they behave.”
These results and observations of the debris left after impact indicate that Dimorphos is a loosely packed “rubble pile” object, similar to asteroid Bennu. ESA’s (European Space Agency) Hera mission, planned to launch in October 2024, will travel to the asteroid pair to carry out a detailed survey and confirm how DART reshaped Dimorphos.
More About the Mission
DART was designed, built, and operated by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office, which oversees the agency’s ongoing efforts in planetary defense. DART was humanity’s first mission to intentionally move a celestial object.
JPL, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages the DSN for NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program within the Space Operations Mission Directorate at the agency’s headquarters in Washington.
NASA’s Asteroid-Striking DART Mission Team Has JPL Members Classroom Activity: How to Explore an Asteroid NASA’s Planetary Radar Captures Detailed View of Oblong Asteroid News Media Contacts
Ian J. O’Neill
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-354-2649
ian.j.oneill@jpl.nasa.gov
Karen Fox / Charles Blue
NASA Headquarters
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / charles.e.blue@nasa.gov
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Last Updated Mar 19, 2024 Related Terms
DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) Asteroids Jet Propulsion Laboratory Modeling Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) Planetary Defense Planetary Defense Coordination Office Explore More
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