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55 Years Ago: Apollo 11’s One Small Step, One Giant Leap

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“Houston, Tranquility Base here, the Eagle has landed.” “That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.” “Magnificent desolation.” Three phrases that recall humanity’s first landing on and exploration of the lunar surface. In July 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin completed humanity’s first landing on the Moon. They fulfilled President John F. Kennedy’s national goal, set in May 1961, to land a man on the Moon and return him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade. Scientists began examining the first Moon rocks two days after the Apollo 11 splashdown while the astronauts began a three-week postflight quarantine.

Apollo 11 astronaut Neil A. Armstrong arrive for work at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida four days before launch Apollo 11 astronauts Michael Collins arrive for work at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida four days before launch Apollo 11 astronauts Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin arrive for work at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida four days before launch
Just another day at the office. Apollo 11 astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, left, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin arrive for work at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida four days before launch.

Buzz, Mike, and Neil study their flight plans one more time Neil and Buzz in the Lunar Module simulator Mike gets in some flying a few days before launch
Left: Buzz, Mike, and Neil study their flight plans one more time. Middle: Neil and Buzz in the Lunar Module simulator. Right: Mike gets in some flying a few days before launch.

Buzz, Neil, and Mike look very relaxed as they talk to reporters in a virtual press conference on July 14
Buzz, Neil, and Mike look very relaxed as they talk to reporters in a virtual press conference on July 14.

The Apollo 11 crew The Apollo 11 patch The crew conquer the Moon, a TIME LIFE photograph
Left: The crew. Middle: The patch. Right: The crew conquer the Moon, a TIME LIFE photograph.

Breakfast, the most important meal if you’re going to the Moon Proper attire for lunar travel Apollo 11 crew. Wave good-bye to all your friends and supporters before you head for the launch pad
Left: Breakfast, the most important meal if you’re going to the Moon. Middle: Proper attire for lunar travel. Right: Wave good-bye to all your friends and supporters before you head for the launch pad.

Engineers in the Launch Control Center at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida monitor the countdown Once the rocket clears the launch tower, they turn control over to another team and they can watch it ascend into the sky Engineers in the Mission Control Center at the Manned Spacecraft Center, now NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, take over control of the flight once the tower is clear
Left: Engineers in the Launch Control Center at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida monitor the countdown. Middle: Once the rocket clears the launch tower, they turn control over to another team and they can watch it ascend into the sky. Right: Engineers in the Mission Control Center at the Manned Spacecraft Center, now NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, take over control of the flight once the tower is clear.

Lady Bird, LBJ, and VP Agnew in the VIP stands A million more camped out along the beaches to see the historic launch
Left: Lady Bird, LBJ, and VP Agnew in the VIP stands. Right: A million more camped out along the beaches to see the historic launch.

July 16, 1969. And we’re off!! Liftoff from Launch Pad 39A
July 16, 1969. And we’re off!! Liftoff from Launch Pad 39A.

The American flag is pictured in the foreground as the Saturn V rocket for the historic Apollo 11 mission soars through the sky First stage separation for Apollo 11 orbit 1 low pressure system
Left: The American flag is pictured in the foreground as the Saturn V rocket for the historic Apollo 11 mission soars through the sky. Middle: First stage separation for Apollo 11. Right: Made it to orbit!

Hey, don’t forget your LM! Buzz in the LM As the world turns smaller
Left: Hey, don’t forget your LM! Middle: Buzz in the LM: “S’allright?” “S’allright!” Right: As the world turns smaller.

crater king lunar earthrise columbia after undocking eagle after undocking
Left: Hello Moon! Middle left: Hello Earth! Middle right: See you soon, Columbia! Right: See you soon, Eagle! Happy landing!

view from lm after landing Neil takes THE first step First image taken from the lunar surface
July 20, 1969. Left: Magnificent desolation, from Buzz’s window after landing. Middle: Neil takes THE first step. Right: First image taken from the lunar surface.

Neil grabs a contingency sample, just in case Buzz joins the party Neil and Buzz read the plaque Buzz sets up the solar wind experiment
Left: Neil grabs a contingency sample, just in case. Middle left: Buzz joins the party. Middle right: Neil and Buzz read the plaque. Right: Buzz sets up the solar wind experiment.

Buzz and Neil set up the flag Neil takes that famous photo of Buzz saluting flag Often misidentified as Neil’s first footprint, it’s actually Buzz’s to test the lunar soil
Left: Buzz and Neil set up the flag. Middle left: Neil takes that famous photo of Buzz. Middle right: You know, this famous photo! Right: Often misidentified as Neil’s first footprint, it’s actually Buzz’s to test the lunar soil.

Buzz had the camera for a while and snapped one of the few photos of Neil on the surface Buzz, the seismometer, and the LM The LM and the laser retroreflector One of two photos from the surface that show both Buzz, the main subject, and Neil, the reflection
Left: Buzz had the camera for a while and snapped one of the few photos of Neil on the surface. Middle left: Buzz, the seismometer, and the LM. Middle right: The LM and the laser retroreflector. Right: One of two photos from the surface that show both Buzz, the main subject, and Neil, the reflection.

Neil took a stroll to Little West Crater and took several photos, spliced together into this pano
Neil took a stroll to Little West Crater and took several photos, spliced together into this pano.

Neil after the spacewalk, tired but satisfied aldrin post eva The flag from Buzz’s window before they went to sleep The same view, and the flag moved! Not aliens, it settled in the loose lunar regolith overnight
Left: Neil after the spacewalk, tired but satisfied. Middle left: Ditto for Buzz. Middle right: The flag from Buzz’s window before they went to sleep. Right: The same view, and the flag moved! Not aliens, it settled in the loose lunar regolith overnight.

Liftoff, the Eagle has wings again! Eagle approaches Columbia, and incidentally everyone alive at the time is in this picture, except for Mike who took it Moon departure earth approach
July 21, 1969. Left: Liftoff, the Eagle has wings again! Middle left: Eagle approaches Columbia, and incidentally everyone alive at the time is in this picture, except for Mike who took it. Middle right: On the way home, the Moon gets smaller. Right: And the Earth gets bigger.

Splashdown, as captured from a recovery helicopter Upside down in Stable 2, before balloons inflated to right the spacecraft Wearing his Biological Isolation Garment (BIG), Clancy Hatleberg, the decontamination officer, sets up his decontamination canisters. He’s already handed the astronauts their BIGs, who are donning them inside the spacecraft
July 24, 1969. Left: Splashdown, as captured from a recovery helicopter. Middle: Upside down in Stable 2, before balloons inflated to right the spacecraft. Right: Wearing his Biological Isolation Garment (BIG), Clancy Hatleberg, the decontamination officer, sets up his decontamination canisters. He’s already handed the astronauts their BIGs, who are donning them inside the spacecraft.

Hatleberg, left, with Neil, Buzz, and Mike in the decontamination raft Taken by U.S. Navy UDT swimmer Mike Mallory in a nearby raft, Hatleberg prepares to capture the Billy Pugh net for Neil, while Buss and Mike wave to Mallory taken from the recovery helicopter, the Billy Pugh net visible at the bottom of the photo
Left: Hatleberg, left, with Neil, Buzz, and Mike in the decontamination raft. Middle: Taken by U.S. Navy UDT swimmer Mike Mallory in a nearby raft, Hatleberg prepares to capture the Billy Pugh net for Neil, while Buss and Mike wave to Mallory. Right: The same scene, taken from the recovery helicopter, the Billy Pugh net visible at the bottom of the photo.

Once aboard the U.S.S. Hornet, Mike, Neil, and Buzz wearing their BIGs walk the 10 steps from the Recovery One helicopter to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF), with NASA flight surgeon Dr. William Carpentier, in orange suit, following behind NASA engineer John Hirasaki filmed the astronauts as they entered the MQF Changed from their BIGs into flight suits, Mike, Neil, and Buzz chat with President Nixon through the MQF’s window Neil, playing the ukelele, Buzz, and Mike inside the MQF
Left: Once aboard the U.S.S. Hornet, Mike, Neil, and Buzz wearing their BIGs walk the 10 steps from the Recovery One helicopter to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF), with NASA flight surgeon Dr. William Carpentier, in orange suit, following behind. Middle left: NASA engineer John Hirasaki filmed the astronauts as they entered the MQF. Middle right: Changed from their BIGs into flight suits, Mike, Neil, and Buzz chat with President Nixon through the MQF’s window. Right: Neil, playing the ukelele, Buzz, and Mike inside the MQF.

NASA technician receives the first box of Moon rocks from the MQF’s transfer lock Within a few hours of splashdown, the first box of Moon rocks departs Hornet bound for Johnston Island, where workers transferred it to a cargo plane bound for Houston Workers at Houston’s Ellington Air Force Base unload the first box of Moon rocks about eight hours later Senior NASA managers hold the first box of Moon rocks
Follow the Moon rocks from the Hornet to Ellington AFB. Left: NASA technician receives the first box of Moon rocks from the MQF’s transfer lock. Middle Left: Within a few hours of splashdown, the first box of Moon rocks departs Hornet bound for Johnston Island, where workers transferred it to a cargo plane bound for Houston. Middle right: Workers at Houston’s Ellington Air Force Base unload the first box of Moon rocks about eight hours later. Right: Senior NASA managers hold the first box of Moon rocks.

NASA officials Howard Schneider and Gary McCollum carry the first box of Moon rocks from the cargo plane to a waiting car for transport to the LRL at MSC In the LRL, technicians at MSC unpack the first box of Moon rocks Technicians weigh the box of Moon rocks The first box of Moon rocks inside a glovebox
July 25, 1969. Follow the Moon rocks from Ellington to the glovebox in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL). Left: NASA officials Howard Schneider and Gary McCollum carry the first box of Moon rocks from the cargo plane to a waiting car for transport to the LRL at MSC. Middle right: In the LRL, technicians at MSC unpack the first box of Moon rocks. Middle right: Technicians weigh the box of Moon rocks. Right: The first box of Moon rocks inside a glovebox.

The first box of Moon rocks has been unwrapped The box has been opened, revealing the first lunar samples The first rock to be documented, less than 48 hours after splashdown
July 26, 1969. Follow the Moon rocks in the LRL glovebox. Left: The first box of Moon rocks has been unwrapped. Middle: The box has been opened, revealing the first lunar samples. Right: The first rock to be documented, less than 48 hours after splashdown.

Two days after splashdown, the U.S.S. Hornet docks at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu Workers lift the MQF, with Neil, Mike, and Buzz inside, onto the pier A large welcome celebration for the Apollo 11 astronauts The MQF seen through a lei
July 26, 1969. Follow the astronauts from Hornet to Honolulu. Left: Two days after splashdown, the U.S.S. Hornet docks at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu. Middle left: Workers lift the MQF, with Neil, Mike, and Buzz inside, onto the pier. Middle right: A large welcome celebration for the Apollo 11 astronauts. Right: The MQF seen through a lei.

Workers truck the MQF from Pearl Harbor to nearby Hickam AFB Workers load the MQF onto a cargo plane at Hickam for the flight to Houston During the eight-hour flight, NASA recovery team members pose with Neil, Mike, and Buzz, seen through the window of the MQF Workers unload the MQF at Houston’s Ellington AFB
Follow the astronauts from Pearl Harbor to Ellington AFB. Left: Workers truck the MQF from Pearl Harbor to nearby Hickam AFB. Middle left: Workers load the MQF onto a cargo plane at Hickam for the flight to Houston. Middle right: During the eight-hour flight, NASA recovery team members pose with Neil, Mike, and Buzz, seen through the window of the MQF. Right: Workers unload the MQF at Houston’s Ellington AFB.

At Ellington, Neil, Mike, and Buzz reunite with their wives Jan, Pat, and TBS The MQF docks at the LRL Neil, Mike, and Buzz address the workers inside the LRL It’s back to work for Neil, Mike, and Buzz as they hold their debriefs in a glass-walled conference room in the LRL
July 27, 1969. Follow the astronauts from Ellington to working in the LRL. Left: At Ellington, Neil, Mike, and Buzz reunite with their wives Jan, Pat, and TBS. Middle left: The MQF docks at the LRL. Middle right: Neil, Mike, and Buzz address the workers inside the LRL. Right: It’s back to work for Neil, Mike, and Buzz as they hold their debriefs in a glass-walled conference room in the LRL.

Sailors hoist the Command Module Columbia onto the deck of the U.S.S. Hornet The flexible tunnel connects the CM to the MQF, allowing for retrieval of the Moon rocks and other item U.S. Marines guard Columbia aboard the Hornet Columbia brought on deck as Hornet docks in Pearl Harbor NASA engineers safe Columbia on Ford Island in Honolulu
Follow the spacecraft from splashdown to Hawaii. Left: Sailors hoist the Command Module Columbia onto the deck of the U.S.S. Hornet. Middle left: The flexible tunnel connects the CM to the MQF, allowing for retrieval of the Moon rocks and other items. Center: U.S. Marines guard Columbia aboard the Hornet. Middle right: Columbia brought on deck as Hornet docks in Pearl Harbor. Right: NASA engineers safe Columbia on Ford Island in Honolulu.

Airmen load Columbia onto a cargo plane at Hickam AFB for the flight to Houston Columbia arrives outside the LRL, where the MQF is still docked Hirasaki opens the hatch to Columbia in the LRL
July 31, 1969. Follow the spacecraft from Hawaii to the LRL. Left: Airmen load Columbia onto a cargo plane at Hickam AFB for the flight to Houston. Middle: Columbia arrives outside the LRL, where the MQF is still docked. Right: Hirasaki opens the hatch to Columbia in the LRL.

To be continued …

News from around the world in July 1969:

July 1 – Investiture of Prince Charles, age 21, as The Prince of Wales.

July 3 – 78,000 attend the Newport Jazz Festival in Newport, Rhode Island.

July 4 – John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band release the single “Give Peace a Chance.”

July 11 – David Bowie releases the single “Space Oddity.”

July 11 – The Rolling Stones release “Honky Tonk Woman.”

July 14 – “Easy Rider,” starring Dennis Hopper, Peter Fonda, and Jack Nicholson, premieres.

July 18 – NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine approves the “dry” workshop concept for the Apollo Applications Program, later renamed Skylab.

July 26 – Sharon Sites Adams becomes the first woman to solo sail the Pacific Ocean.

July 31 – Mariner 6 makes close fly-by of Mars, returning photos and data.

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      By NASA
      Credit: NASA NASA’s Small Spacecraft Systems Virtual Institute (S3VI) is pleased to announce the official release of the highly anticipated 2024 State-of-the-Art Small Spacecraft Technology report. This significant accomplishment was made possible by the contributions of numerous dedicated people across NASA who graciously supported the preparation of the document as authors and reviewers. We also want to extend our gratitude to all the companies, universities, and organizations that provided content for this report.
      The 2024 report can be found online at https://www.nasa.gov/smallsat-institute/sst-soa. The report is also available in PDF format as a single document containing all report content as well as individual chapters available on their respective chapter webpages. This 2024 edition reflects updates in several chapters to include: the Formation Flying and Rendezvous and Proximity Operations section within the “Guidance, Navigation, and Control” chapter; the Additive Manufacturing section within the “Structures, Materials, and Mechanisms” chapter; the Free Space Optical Communications section within the “Communications” chapter; and the Hosted Orbital Services section within the “Complete Spacecraft Platforms” chapter.
      As in previous editions, the report contains a general overview of current state-of-the-art SmallSat technologies and their development status as discussed in open literature. The report is not intended to be an exhaustive representation of all technologies currently available to the small spacecraft community, nor does the inclusion of technologies in the report serve as an endorsement by NASA. Sources of publicly available date commonly used as sources in the development of the report include manufacturer datasheets, press releases, conference papers, journal papers, public filings with government agencies, and news articles. Readers are highly encouraged to reach out to companies for further information regarding the performance and maturity of described technologies of interest. During the report’s development, companies were encouraged to release test information and flight data when possible so it may be appropriately captured. It should be noted that technology maturity designations may vary with change to payload, mission requirements, reliability considerations, and the associated test/flight environment in which performance was demonstrated.
      Suggestions or corrections to the 2024 report toward a subsequent edition, should be submitted to the NASA Small Spacecraft Systems Virtual Institute Agency-SmallSat-Institute@mail.nasa.gov for consideration prior to the publication of the future edition. When submitting suggestions or corrections, please cite appropriate publicly accessible references. Private correspondence is not considered an adequate reference. Efforts are underway for the 2025 report and organizations are invited to submit technologies for consideration for inclusion by August 1, 2025.
      NASA’s Small Spacecraft Technology program within the Space Technology Mission Directorate funds the Small Spacecraft Systems Virtual Institute. 
      View the full article

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