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By European Space Agency
Image: With the festive season approaching, even Earth-observing satellites are getting into the spirit, capturing a stunning compilation of European cities that resemble stars. View the full article
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By European Space Agency
For the first time, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has detected and âweighedâ a galaxy, in the early Universe, that has a mass that is similar to what our Milky Way galaxyâs mass might have been at the same stage of development. Found at around 600 million years after the Big Bang, this lightweight galaxy, nicknamed the Firefly Sparkle, is gleaming with star clusters â 10 in total â that researchers examined in great detail. Other galaxies Webb has detected at this period in the history of the Universe are significantly more massive.
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By NASA
Webb Webb News Latest News Latest Images Blog (offsite) Awards X (offsite â login reqd) Instagram (offsite â login reqd) Facebook (offsite- login reqd) Youtube (offsite) Overview About Who is James Webb? Fact Sheet Impacts+Benefits FAQ Science Overview and Goals Early Universe Galaxies Over Time Star Lifecycle Other Worlds Observatory Overview Launch Orbit Mirrors Sunshield Instrument: NIRCam Instrument: MIRI Instrument: NIRSpec Instrument: FGS/NIRISS Optical Telescope Element Backplane Spacecraft Bus Instrument Module Multimedia About Webb Images Images Videos What is Webb Observing? 3d Webb in 3d Solar System Podcasts Webb Image Sonifications Team International Team People Of Webb More For the Media For Scientists For Educators For Fun/Learning 6 Min Read Found: First Actively Forming Galaxy as Lightweight as Young Milky Way
Hundreds of overlapping objects at various distances are spread across this field. At the very center is a tiny galaxy nicknamed Firefly Sparkle that looks like a long, angled, dotted line. Smaller companions are nearby. Credits:
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Chris Willott (National Research Council Canada), Lamiya Mowla (Wellesley College), Kartheik Iyer (Columbia University) For the first time, NASAâs James Webb Space Telescope has detected and âweighedâ a galaxy that not only existed around 600 million years after the big bang, but is also similar to what our Milky Way galaxyâs mass might have been at the same stage of development. Other galaxies Webb has detected at this time period are significantly more massive. Nicknamed the Firefly Sparkle, this galaxy is gleaming with star clusters â 10 in all â each of which researchers examined in great detail.
Image A: Firefly Sparkle Galaxy and Companions in Galaxy Cluster MACS J1423 (NIRCam Image)
For the first time, astronomers using NASAâs James Webb Space Telescope have identified a galaxy, nicknamed the Firefly Sparkle, that not only is in the process of assembling and forming stars around 600 million years after the big bang, but also weighs about the same as our Milky Way galaxy if we could âwind back the clockâ to weigh it as it developed. Two companion galaxies are close by, which may ultimately affect how this galaxy forms and builds mass over billions of years. NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Chris Willott (National Research Council Canada), Lamiya Mowla (Wellesley College), Kartheik Iyer (Columbia University) âI didnât think it would be possible to resolve a galaxy that existed so early in the universe into so many distinct components, let alone find that its mass is similar to our own galaxyâs when it was in the process of forming,â said Lamiya Mowla, co-lead author of the paper and an assistant professor at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. âThere is so much going on inside this tiny galaxy, including so many different phases of star formation.â
Webb was able to image the galaxy in crisp detail for two reasons. One is a benefit of the cosmos: A massive foreground galaxy cluster radically enhanced the distant galaxyâs appearance through a natural effect known as gravitational lensing. And when combined with the telescopeâs specialization in high-resolution infrared light, Webb delivered unprecedented new data about the galaxyâs contents.
Image B: Galaxy Cluster MACS J1423 (NIRCam Image)
In this image from NASAâs James Webb Space Telescope, thousands of glimmering galaxies are bound together by their own gravity, making up a massive cluster formally classified as MACS J1423. The largest, bright white oval is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. The galaxy cluster acts like a lens, magnifying and distorting the light of objects that lie well behind it, an effect known as gravitational lensing. NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Chris Willott (National Research Council Canada), Lamiya Mowla (Wellesley College), Kartheik Iyer (Columbia University) âWithout the benefit of this gravitational lens, we would not be able to resolve this galaxy,â said Kartheik Iyer, co-lead author and NASA Hubble Fellow at Columbia University in New York. âWe knew to expect it based on current physics, but itâs surprising that we actually saw it.â
Mowla, who spotted the galaxy in Webbâs image, was drawn to its gleaming star clusters, because objects that sparkle typically indicate they are extremely clumpy and complicated. Since the galaxy looks like a âsparkleâ or swarm of lightning bugs on a warm summer night, they named it the Firefly Sparkle galaxy.
Reconstructing the Galaxyâs Appearance
The research team modeled what the galaxy might have looked like if it werenât stretched and discovered that it resembled an elongated raindrop. Suspended within it are two star clusters toward the top and eight toward the bottom. âOur reconstruction shows that clumps of actively forming stars are surrounded by diffuse light from other unresolved stars,â said Iyer. âThis galaxy is literally in the process of assembling.â
Webbâs data shows the Firefly Sparkle galaxy is on the smaller side, falling into the category of a low-mass galaxy. Billions of years will pass before it builds its full heft and a distinct shape. âMost of the other galaxies Webb has shown us arenât magnified or stretched, and we are not able to see their âbuilding blocksâ separately. With Firefly Sparkle, we are witnessing a galaxy being assembled brick by brick,â Mowla said.
Stretched Out and Shining, Ready for Close Analysis
Since the galaxy is warped into a long arc, the researchers easily picked out 10 distinct star clusters, which are emitting the bulk of the galaxyâs light. They are represented here in shades of pink, purple, and blue. Those colors in Webbâs images and its supporting spectra confirmed that star formation didnât happen all at once in this galaxy, but was staggered in time.
âThis galaxy has a diverse population of star clusters, and it is remarkable that we can see them separately at such an early age of the universe,â said Chris Willott from the National Research Council of Canadaâs Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre, a co-author and the observation programâs principal investigator. âEach clump of stars is undergoing a different phase of formation or evolution.â
The galaxyâs projected shape shows that its stars havenât settled into a central bulge or a thin, flattened disk, another piece of evidence that the galaxy is still forming.
Image C: Illustration of the Firefly Sparkle Galaxy in the Early Universe (Artistâs Concept)
This artist concept depicts a reconstruction of what the Firefly Sparkle galaxy looked like about 600 million years after the big bang if it wasnât stretched and distorted by a natural effect known as gravitational lensing. This illustration is based on images and data from NASAâs James Webb Space Telescope. Illustration: NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford (STScI). Science: Lamiya Mowla (Wellesley College), Guillaume Desprez (Saint Maryâs University) Video: âFirefly Sparkleâ Reveals Early Galaxy
âGlowingâ Companions
Researchers canât predict how this disorganized galaxy will build up and take shape over billions of years, but there are two galaxies that the team confirmed are âhanging outâ within a tight perimeter and may influence how it builds mass over billions of years.
Firefly Sparkle is only 6,500 light-years away from its first companion, and its second companion is separated by 42,000 light-years. For context, the fully formed Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years across â all three would fit inside it. Not only are its companions very close, the researchers also think that they are orbiting one another.
Each time one galaxy passes another, gas condenses and cools, allowing new stars to form in clumps, adding to the galaxiesâ masses. âIt has long been predicted that galaxies in the early universe form through successive interactions and mergers with other tinier galaxies,â said Yoshihisa Asada, a co-author and doctoral student at Kyoto University in Japan. âWe might be witnessing this process in action.â
The teamâs research relied on data from Webbâs CAnadian NIRISS Unbiased Cluster Survey (CANUCS), which includes near-infrared images from NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and spectra from the microshutter array aboard NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph). The CANUCS data intentionally covered a field that NASAâs Hubble Space Telescope imaged as part of its Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) program.
This work has been published on December 11, 2024 in the journal Nature.
The James Webb Space Telescope is the worldâs premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).
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Media Contacts
Laura Betz â laura.e.betz@nasa.gov
NASAâs Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Claire Blome â cblome@stsci.edu, Christine Pulliam â cpulliam@stsci.edu
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.
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Last Updated Dec 10, 2024 Editor Marty McCoy Contact Laura Betz laura.e.betz@nasa.gov Related Terms
Astrophysics Galaxies Galaxy clusters Goddard Space Flight Center Gravitational Lensing James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Science & Research The Universe View the full article
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By NASA
NASA/JPL-Caltech This Oct. 4, 2017, illustration shows a hypothetical uneven ring of dust orbiting KIC 8462852, also known as Boyajianâs Star or Tabbyâs Star. The star has experienced unusual dips in brightness over a matter of days, as well as much subtler but longer-term dimming trends. Scientists proposed several explanations for this unexpected behavior, ranging from Tabbyâs Star swallowing a planet to alien âmegastructuresâ harvesting the starâs energy. However, a study using NASAâs Spitzer and Swift missions as well as the Belgian AstroLAB IRIS observatory suggests that the cause of the dimming over long periods is likely an uneven dust cloud moving around the star.
Learn more about this enigmatic star, named after Tabetha Boyajian, the Yale University postdoc who discovered it with the help of citizen scientists.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
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